Reading in the Dark

__THE LIBRARY AT ­NIGHT.__ _By Alberto Manguel. Yale Univ. Press. 373 pp. $­27.50_

Old as writing, the library is an insti­tution and an archetype. Its symbolic dimensions embody the contradictions of civilization: It’s a token of authority that threatens to undermine regnant powers, a figure of memory and forgetting, an object of longing and loathing. With its promise of comprehensive wisdom, it forever reminds us of the incompleteness of our knowledge, the limits of our vision. But it’s also a physical ­place—­a home for books and a workshop for those who read and care for them.

Like the world itself, the library dichotomizes. Books are included or excluded; they are free for all or reserved for the select few; some enjoy attention and acclaim, while others lie shrouded in ­obscurity—­just as after nightfall, light falls on open volumes while other pages remain in darkness. In Alberto Manguel’s evocative formulation, it’s this last either­/or—­the turning of day into ­night—­that reveals the library’s tensions. And he recalls Virginia Woolf’s useful distinction between two  types of readers, the scholarly and the casual. While the former, Woolf tells us, “searches through books to discover some particular grain of truth upon which he has set his heart,” the latter eschews the impulse to read systematically, which “is very apt to kill . . . the more humane passion for pure and disinterested reading.” What to Woolf is a matter of taxonomy, however, for Manguel is a question of diurnal rhythm. “During the day,” he writes, “the concentration and system tempt me; at night I can read with a lightheartedness verging on insouciance.” When night falls, amid pools of lamplight and glittering books his library in France seems to float like a ship on the sea; it becomes “a universe of ­self-­serving rules that pretend to replace or translate those of the shapeless universe beyond.”

Like Manguel’s ­best-­known work, _A History of Reading_ (1996), _The Library at Night_ is a sentimental history. That earlier book introduced a wide circle of readers to the revelation, previously appreciated only by historians of the book, that reading has not been the same thing in all times and places, but that its textures change with alterations to culture and the nature of the individual consciousness as much as with changes in the media of writing and publishing. In _The Library at Night_, Manguel’s point is a different, nearly opposite one: All libraries partake of the same dream of completeness. Behind and beyond each collection of books is an ideal, shimmering and unrealizable, which haunts the sensitive reader.

Ranging through history and mythology, Manguel searches for the library’s avatars. “The Tower of Babel collapsed in the prehistory of storytelling,” he writes; “the Library of Alexandria rose when stories took on the shape of books, and strove to find a syntax that would lend each word, each tablet, each scroll its illuminating and necessary place.” That syntax, the ordering of books on the shelves, is a dynamic to which Manguel is drawn throughout a book whose chapters take the form of meditations on a series of similes: “The Library as Shadow,” “The Library as Chance,” “The Library as Oblivion.” Again and again, Manguel’s imagination returns to the labor and compulsion of putting books together and making them talk to one another. In the ordering of books, Manguel senses a tension that lies at the heart not only of ­library ­making but of the project of civilization itself. Although the universe we live in may be characterized by a “dearth of meaning and lack of discernible purpose,” we build and arrange collections of books as if they could represent a universal order, or will one into being as if by sympathetic ­magic.

The powers and tensions of the library as symbol have played havoc with our understanding of libraries as institutions. For libraries are not one and the same thing across cultures, in all times and places. A private book collection is a very different thing from a public library, speaking to different orderings of power and privilege, access and understanding. A research library, likewise, differs fundamentally from an ecclesiastical one, despite their historical ties. A public library in Nazi Germany or the American South under Jim Crow differs in crucial ways from midwestern Carnegie libraries or the great urban public libraries of Boston, New York, and Chicago. Libraries aren’t always used for the purpose of opening minds; those that exclude certain kinds of books and readers can be instruments of oppression and alienation.

Manguel, however, is less interested in the politics of library history than he is in its poetry. His historicity is of a distinctly literary cast: allusive, ­magpie­like, unafraid of anachronism and Whiggish teleology. _The Library at Night_ is larded with fascinating figures, telling anecdotes, and library lore. Michelangelo and Melvil Dewey, Antonio Panizzi and Sextus Propertius, George Orwell and Caliph Omar I all make appearances. Manguel writes evocatively of libraries that sprang up at the intersection of ancient trading routes, such as Chinguetti in Mauri­tania, which over the centuries became a trove of collections devoted to the learning of Islamic poets, scholars, and scientists; and Dunhuang on the Silk Road, where works from China, Tibet, and India mingled with treasured texts of Persia and the Hellenic world. Elsewhere, he tells of ­17th-­century Iceland, where the people, impoverished by their long, cruel vassalage under Denmark, ransacked the libraries to supply themselves with paper and vellum for insulation and clothing. In 1702, King Frederick IV of Denmark had the remnants of the destroyed books exhaustively retrieved, reassembled, and shipped back to ­Copenhagen—­where, less than 30 years later, they were destroyed in a ­fire.

There are odd errors here and there. At one point, Manguel asserts that the Internet makes banned books accessible to readers in Rhodesia (it became Zimbabwe in 1980). Elsewhere, he reports that Google has aban­doned its controversial project to digitize the world’s books with the cooperation of numerous university and public libraries; in fact, the pro­gram continues to grow. This last error is telling, for it betrays Manguel’s reluctance to see the Inter­net as the ­epoch-­making phenomenon that it ­is.

The physical collections to which Manguel devotes his book bear the traces of their makers and readers, intrinsic markers of ownership and experience. Such traces are harder to discern on the Web, where books talk to one another of their own accord as their owners and readers scan them, tag them, annotate and hyperlink and mash them up, and blog about them. Not only Google and Amazon.com, but the Open Content Alliance (a group of libraries that have opted to digitize materials without Google), LibraryThing (a site where members make and share their personal electronic book catalogs), Project Guten­berg (a large collection of free electronic books), and a host of other initiatives ensure that books will enjoy a rich life in the digital age. The ongoing digitization of books promises an apotheosis of sorts, as the world’s printed matter merges into One Big Book, an encyclopedic vade ­mecum.

Networked text is marvelously malleable stuff, and its ease of manipulation grants greater scope for invention and expression. Using the Internet, we’re able to build vast personal libraries. They may lack the savor and heft of physical libraries, but they enrich and complicate the world of texts as a whole. On the Web, we’re able to register the shifts in direction our sensibility takes as we move from book to book, and we find and delight in the traces of migrations undertaken by others. Far from supplanting or destroying the kind of library Manguel values most ­highly—­a private library that tastes of the ­universe—­the Internet makes possible a multiverse of reading, knowing ­worlds.

But Manguel can be forgiven if he underestimates the value and beauty of the Internet. The strength of his book doesn’t lie in scholarship and analysis, but in humane meditation. Like Montaigne, who had a ­tower-­ensconced library of his own, Manguel revels in the possibilities of the word “essay.” His chapters are tries, trials, takes. Reaching into the vast store of books in his shadowed memory, he pulls down volume after volume, trying the weight and feel of one against the other. The success of _The Library at Night_ rests largely on Manguel’s own fulfillment of a trope familiar from antiquity: the human mind as library. _The Library at Night_is the product of a mind made by reading, and the realization of its own essential argument: The library is a mirror in which we find ourselves and our world reflecting and interpenetrating.