The Rule of Slogans

The source: “Order in the Jungle,” in ___The Economist___, March 13, ­2008.

Dani Rodrik, the star development economist at Har­vard’s John F. Kennedy School of Govern­ment, recently made a startling admission: He has been throwing around the latest big idea in econ­omics—the rule of ­law—­without a clear fix on what it means. The rule of law is the reigning motherhood-and-apple-pie issue of developmental econ­om­ics, write the editors of The Economist. But although a na­tional devotion to the rule of law seems to be an unalloyed blessing, it’s a concept that eludes a universal definition, and it doesn’t necessarily produce strong economic ­results.

Back in the 1980s, the “Washington consensus” was in vogue: Get the policies ­right—­budgets, trade, ­regulation—­and prosperity will surely follow. But the Asian economic crisis of 1997–98 eroded economists’ confidence that they knew what the right policies actually were. It was also not clear whether macroeconomic tinkering made a smidgeon of difference if the rules of the game were a mess, The Economist ­says.

A new consensus quickly emerged. Adherence to the rule of law became the latest orthodoxy: National wealth will increase in countries that (a) establish political accountability, (b) improve the quality of the bureaucracy, and (c) follow the rule of law. Corruption should be battled. The judiciary should be reformed. Two econ­omists even calculated a “300 percent dividend” that was supposed to accrue to a nation that signifi­cantly raised the quality of its “governance” in the long run. Sure enough, almost every rich country (with the “arguable exceptions” of Italy and Greece) scored well on the rule-of-law measures, and most poor countries did ­not.

Unfortunately, it wasn’t obvious whether the rule of law preceded or followed economic growth. Moreover, The Economist points out, the rule of law has different definitions, which the writers call “thick” and “thin.” Some ­thick-­minded economists believe that the rule of law is joined at the hip with liberty and democracy. True adherence to a rule of law constrains state power, and guarantees freedom of speech and association, they say. Thin-oriented economists take a narrower view, defining the rule of law as guaranteed property rights, pre­dictable transaction costs, and the efficient administration of justice. But in either case, why have parts of Southeast Asia and Russia grown steadily richer under the ­sway ­not of the stately rule of ­law, ­but of crony capitalism and Kremlin ­banditry?

Although reforms in the rule of law, whether codified as a broad right to democratic institutions or simple access to a security of property, are linked to improved econ­omic status, the tie is weak. Im­prov­ing the rule of law is desirable, The Economist says, but not a prerequisite for ­growth.